Julius Schreck

Julius Schreck
Julius Schreck (13 July 1898 – 16 May 1936) was a senior Nazi official and close confidant of Adolf Hitler.

Born in Munich, Schreck served in World War I and shortly afterwards joined right-wing paramilitary units. He joined the Nazi Party in 1920 and developed a close friendship with Adolf Hitler. Schreck was a founding member of the Sturmabteilung ("Storm Department"; SA) and was active in its development. Later in 1925, he became the first leader of the Schutzstaffel ("Protection Squadron"; SS). He then served for a time as a chauffeur for Hitler. Schreck developed meningitis in 1936 and died on 16 May. Hitler gave him a state funeral which was attended by several members of the Nazi elite with Hitler delivering the eulogy.

Early life
Julius Schreck was born on 13 July 1898 in Munich, a largely Catholic city in Bavaria. He served in the German Army during World War I. After the war ended in November 1918, he became a member of Freikorps Epp, a right-wing paramilitary unit formed to combat the communistic revolution. Schreck was an early member of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazi Party; NSDAP), having joined in 1920 and documented as member #53. Schreck developed a friendship with the party's leader Adolf Hitler during its early years.[1]

Career in the SA
Schreck was a founding member of the Sturmabteilung ("Storm Department"; SA), being involved in its growth and development.[2]This was a paramilitary wing of the party designed to disrupt political opponents and provide muscle for security tasks. Hitler, in early 1923, ordered the formation of a small separate bodyguard dedicated to his service and protection rather than an uncontrolled mass of the party, such as the SA.[3] Originally the unit was composed of only eight men, commanded by Schreck and Joseph Berchtold.[4] It was designated the Stabswache ("Staff Guard").[5] The Stabswache were issued unique badges, but at this point the Stabswache was still under overall control of the SA, whose membership continued to increase. Schreck resurrected the use of the Totenkopf ("death's head") as the unit's insignia, a symbol various elite forces had used in the past, including specialized assault troops of Imperial Germany in World War I who used Hutier infiltration tactics.[6]

In May 1923, the unit was renamed Stoßtrupp-Hitler ("Shock Troop-Hitler").[4][6] The unit was solely responsible for Hitler's protection.[2] On 9 November 1923 the Stoßtrupp, along with the SA and several other paramilitary units, took part in the Beer Hall Putsch in Munich.[2] The plan was to seize control of the city in a coup d'état and then challenge the government in Berlin. The putsch was quickly crushed by the local police and resulted in the death of 16 Nazi supporters and 4 police officers. In the aftermath of the failed putsch both Hitler, Schreck, and other Nazi leaders were incarcerated at Landsberg Prison.[2] The Nazi Party and all associated formations, including the Stoßtrupp, were officially disbanded.[7]

Career in the SS
After Hitler's release from prison on 20 December 1924, the Nazi Party was officially refounded. In 1925, Hitler ordered Schreck to organise the formation of a new bodyguard unit, the Schutzkommando ("Protection Command").[8] Hitler wanted a small group of tough ex-soldiers like Schreck, who would be loyal to him. The unit included old Stoßtrupp members like Emil Maurice and Erhard Heiden.[9][10] The unit made its first public appearance in April 1925. That same year, the Schutzkommando was expanded to a national level. It was also successively renamed the Sturmstaffel ("Storm Squadron") and then finally the Schutzstaffel ("Protection Squadron"; SS) on 9 November 1925.[11] Schreck became SS member #5.[2] He was asked by Hitler to command the bodyguard company and, as such, became the first Reichsführer-SS, although Schreck never referred to himself by this title.[7]

In 1926, Schreck stood down as Reichführer-SS and Berchtold took over the leadership.[12] He remained on the SS rolls as an SS-Führer and worked as Hitler's private chauffeur after Maurice until 1934.[13] In 1930, after the SS had begun to expand under Heinrich Himmler, Schreck was appointed an SS-Standartenführer, but had little actual power. He served at Hitler's side and they were on very good terms.[13]

Death
In 1936, Schreck developed meningitis and died on 16 May in Munich.[13] He was a well-liked man and Hitler was distraught when Schreck died.[13] His final rank was SS-Oberführer, a rank between colonel and general.[14] Schreck was accorded a Nazi state funeral with Hitler delivering his eulogy. Schreck's funeral was attended by many senior Nazi officials, including Hermann Göring, Joseph Goebbels, Rudolf Hess, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Konstantin von Neurath, Emil Maurice, Hans Baur, Heinrich Hoffmann and Baldur von Schirach.[14] As with many other buried Nazi Party members, Schreck's grave marker was removed after World War II and there is a stone without inscription on the spot where he was buried.[14]